Justice Systems in Egypt and in the United States Free Essays

Justice System in Egypt and the United States Brian L. Goodman Daymar College Outline Abstract Introduction III. The Legal Systems A. We will write a custom essay sample on Justice Systems in Egypt and in the United States or any similar topic only for you Order Now The United States Legal System B. The Egypt Legal System IV. Types of Crimes V. Components of Justice System in the United States VI. Components of Justice System in Egypt VII. Crimes A. United States B. Egypt VIII. Notes IX. References Abstract Justice System in Egypt and the United States are similar in many ways. Egypt Justice System bases its criminal code on British, Napoleon, and Italian models. There are three main categories of crime in Egypt law; they are minor offenses, misdemeanors and felonies. Egypt law requires that a detained person be brought before a magistrate with 48 hours or released. The United States Justice System enforces the law and defends the interests of the United States according to the law to ensure public safety against threats foreign and domestic, and to provide federal leadership in preventing and controlling crime. The United States Justice System uses five components such as; local law enforcements, court trails, court cases, trial with grand jury and decision and punishment. Justice System in Egypt and the United States The United States is a federal system. The national government has enumerated powers, and the fifty states retain substantial authority. Both the national government and each state government is divided into executive, legislative and judicial branches. Written constitutions, both federal and state, form a system of separated powers, checks and balances among the branches. Egypt bases its criminal codes and courts operations primarily on British, Italian, and Napoleonic models. Criminal court procedures had been substantially modified by heritage of Islamic legal and social patterns and the legacy of numerous kinds of courts that formerly existed. In ancient Egypt, the rulers, called pharaohs, created the laws of the land and enforced them. The pharaohs had strict laws and at times, some very harsh punishments to maintain control over the people. The Egyptians had harsh punishments for breaking the law. The laws were based on common sense view of right and wrong. It depended on which crime the criminal did to figure out which punishment they would receive. Not only would it disgrace them, but it would disgrace their whole family. Now, Egypt uses criminal codes. The criminal codes listed three main categories of crime: minor offenses, misdemeanors, and felonies. Lower courts handled the majority of these cases. Capitol crimes that carried a possible death sentence includes murder, manslaughter, arson or the uses of explosives that caused death, rape, treason, and endangerment of state security. In Egypt few convictions for capital crimes, however, resulted in execution. Egypt laws required that a detained person be brought before a magistrate and formally charged within 48 hours or released. The accused are entitled to post bail and had the right to defended by legal counsel. Searches can not be conducted without a warrant. The justice system in the United States is one of the most unique in the world. It consists of two separate levels of courts, state and federal.. Most of the laws that govern our day-to-day living are state laws; violations of federal law include offenses involving federal government employees, kidnapping or evading arrest, and fraud such as income tax or postal fraud. There are two types of trials: criminal and civil. In a criminal trial, the government is prosecuting an individual for an offense that threatens the security of individual citizens. Usually, criminal trials involve actions taken as a result of malicious intent, Civil trials are disputes between two parties. In both instances, the person that charges are eing brought against is the defendant; in criminal trials, the government is the prosecution – in civil trials. References â€Å"Introduction to the Justice System† â€Å"An Overview of the Court System in the United Statesâ€Å" www. library. thinkquest. org The United States Department of Justice, www. justice. gov History of Criminal Justice System, www. lawandliberty. org Andrews, Mark  "Law and the Legal System in Ancient Egypt;† www. touregypt. net/featurestories/law. htm â€Å"Islam Mythsâ€Å", www. muslim-canada. org/Islam_myths. htm Justice Systems in Egypt and the United States How to cite Justice Systems in Egypt and in the United States, Papers

Project Report on Cookies Limited

Question: Write about theProject Report on Cookies Limited. Answer: Report Introduction Strategic Management refers to the preparation and application of goals and objectives that are set by the top management of the company to achieve better results by allocating the resources to the right place (Ansoff, 2007). It involves strategic planning which analyses the internal and external environment in which the company prevails. It is important to make and plan strategies for the future of company because it will evaluate and analyse the efficiency and the effectiveness of the company (Hill, Jones and Schilling, 2014). The current report discusses the case of Cookies Limited Company which is popular for its variety of tasty cookie products. In relation to the same, the company have set a strategic goal for the company to have a customer-centric and data-driven approach. The objective behind this strategic approach is to improve sales and business growth. In addition to the same, the company has to develop a data driven technology which will serve the executive people of the company who have less knowledge of Information and Communications Technology. The data driven system has to be developed in such a way that it is user friendly and clearly understood by the general people. Further, the report will discuss the data collection and storage system, data in action which includes the consumer centric design of the product and the recommendation system, the business continuity i.e. how the business will survive in case of contingencies and finally the conclusion of the report. Data Collection and Storage Data Collection System Data Collection refers to a systematic process of gathering and measuring of information through various sources to get the exact idea of the ways through which the objective will be accomplished. The data which is required to be collected in the current case of Cookies Limited is basically the tastes and preferences of the customers because the company being into the food industry depends on how well they cater to the demands and wants of their customers. The data can be collected with the help of different methods of the like surveys cum questionnaires which can asked to be filled by the customers visiting their single store in the city. This is can be used by the company to get the reviews of customers which will ensure them to make cookies according to the tastes of their respective set of customers. The questionnaires will comprise of questions like gender, age, occupation, their favourite flavour cookies, do they find the prices reasonable, design or shape of cookies they liked the most etc. these type of questions will help the company in becoming a customer-centric firm which makes the products by and for their customers. Rich data with the consumer choices can be collected by gathering data and information from not only the people coming into their store but also by reaching out to the people in nearby places, uploading review cum feedback form on their website so, that they can directly communicate with their customers. Another method of data collection can be stratified and cluster sample surveys which will help in collecting information from the selected group of people in order to cater to the customised demand of people (Williams, 2007). Storage System Storage system refers to the storing of data and information in the computer system and retrieving the data when required in future for the formulation of strategies. In the current report the storage system refers to the storage of the information of their customers which will include their likes, their shopping history, their favourite flavours etc. This big data can be maintained by upgrading their technology. In addition to the same, the company can use the artificial intelligence technology which will help the company to reduce the work of the company personnel. As the technologically updated soft wares installed in the systems will reduce the work of humans and will give results based on the tastes of their customers. The database of their customers shopping history will be of great importance as they will be able to make out their shopping behaviour and then will provide customised products which will give the customers a feeling of being delighted and therefore; long lasting worth remembering experience. In order to achieve an efficient storage system the company will have to improve their technology standards as they are interested in going for online business which a great option because of its coverage and effectiveness. Therefore; for having an online presence the company needs to be present on each of the online websites where they will get more coverage and will cater to the needs of their target audiences. The tactic of involving customers in their process of new cookies design and flavour can be possible being online because this will involve their customers and will give them a sense of belongingness with the company. This will also make the products customised and unique for the needs of their customers (Pais, S and Symonds, 2011). Data in Action Customer-Centric Product Design Customer-centric product design refers to the designing of the product according to the needs and wants of the customers. Customer-centric refers to the situation where customer is at the centre of the whole working of the company basically, the customer is said to be the king according to whose wishes the ministers are required to perform and act. Customer-centric approach is a big factor which gives rise to customer loyalty. Loyal customers are those happy customers who will always spread good word of mouth about the company and it is said to be the best and effective way of advertising and promoting the company (Maureen E and Daniel, 2014). To be a company which follows customer-centric product design it has to become technology advanced company. Updated technology will make the online business of the company very strong by which they will be able to communicate with their customers in which the customers will let them know about the design of the product of their choice. Cookies are mostly liked by children therefore; they can be given options of the design of cartoon characters which will bring the whole hearted involvement of their customers and finally the output will also be satisfying because as it has catered the same product which was chosen by the customers. The ways to make the customer-centric product design the company can make their websites in such a way that their customers are able to update or choose their preferred design with their favourite flavour and order the same then and there (Jirinova, K and Kolis, K, 2013). Recommendation System The recommendation system refers to that system which enable the people visiting that particular online platform are able to rate or give their feedback or preferences that the user would give them. Similarly, a kind of website or portal should be evolved by the company so that the company will be able to seek the feedback, preferences, ratings; views etc. of their customers and finally become a company who whole heartedly works for its customers. Recommendation system is a tool for the company to evaluate its performance and image of the company in the minds of the customers. The recommendation system can be of two types that are collaborative and content-based filtering methods. The recommendation system of the company should be such that it does appeal to its customers. Apart from this the system will also generate huge database of the customers which will include various valuable information which will be helpful to the company as on the basis of such information the company will be able to use it for further improvements and additions (Sen, Xiaonan and Yannan, 2015). Business Continuity Business Continuity refers to how effectively the management manages the interruptions of any kind which occurs in between the smooth functioning of the company. The need for the Business Continuity Management arises to manage deal with the business contingencies, by designing a Business Continuity Process after making effective business continuity plans for the constant running of the operations of the company with least impact on it of the disruptions which might occur anytime. Business Continuity is advantageous for companies as they analyse the potential threat and risks which might occur therefore; the need of business continuity is to reduce the impact which might affect the processes of the company (Queensland Government, n.d.). There are different types of plans which will help the online business of the company to survive in case of disasters or power outrage which are the back-up plan, emergency plan, test plan and recovery plan. The back-up plan should be such so that it recovers all the information and data of the customers and the back-up has to be managed by the company personnel. They are also required to update the back-up plan constantly and there should always be one or two back-ups in case of any failure of any of the back-ups the extra one has to be there. The emergency plan has to be undertaken in case of any disasters or emergencies like fire, attacks or structural damage then, the company has to identify the situations and then apply the emergency plan. The test plan is the final aspect of the disaster where the plan identifies loop holes of the three of the plans that are the back-up, emergency and recovery plans. The recovery plan deals with the restoring of information and data. The people comprising the recovery department should be firm enough in fulfilling their responsibilities (Dushie, 2014). In order to survive against the problems that occur because of the power cuts and other kinds of disasters the company has to be wise with their back-up plans. They are of different types full back-up, incremental back-up, mirror back-up and differential back-up plans. All these are required in order to deal with the contingencies and at the same time reducing the risks involved in such mishappening events. The full back-up plans carries the all of the files and data stored from day one to till date as in different files and also the back-up will be restored again when whenever the back-up run takes place. The incremental back-up is just the add on the new files and not running of the whole previous back-up and just the new files added after the last back-up. The mirror back-up refers to the changes that are made in the sources of the will automatically update the mirror back-up similar to the changes made in the file. The differential back-up is in the middle of the full and the inc remental back-up. The major focus has to be on the proper and effective back-up during the time of power cut which can be managed by installing long lasting generators which will act as a recovery plan for the company to restore the data saved there and then (Karim, 2011). Conclusion and Recommendations On the basis of the above report, it can be concluded that the Cookies Limited Company is going for online business which will increase the sales of the company as it has only one store in the city. The company is willing to advance its technology so that they can reach out to more people moreover; they will get the direct views and first hand data from their customers. The report has discussed will be presented to the senior executives of the company who don not possess great knowledge of technology therefore; in order to make it understandable by them it is required that they are convinced by the new strategies which will benefit the company in the long run. On the basis of the above report it can be recommended to the company that they should make their website in such a manner that customers are automatically driven towards them and the recommendation system is technologically advanced so that their customers can communicate their feedback and grievances. The company should also make their products customised by the customers themselves and for that they should have artificial intelligence software which will do the work with little human assistance therefore; reducing the load on the personnel of the company and making it more advanced through going for online business (Paulsen, 2012). References Ansoff, H., 2007, Strategic management. Springer. Dushie, D, Y., 2014, Business Continuity Planning: An Empirical Study of Factors that Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014, Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Hinder Effective Disaster Preparedness of Businesses, Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, Vol.5, No.27. Jirinova, K and Kolis, K., 2013, Research Of Customer-Centric Approach And Involvement Of Customers Into Innovation Process Across Czech Smes, The 7th International Days of Statistics and Economics, Prague, viewed 22 January 2017 from https://msed.vse.cz/files/2013/116-Jirinova-Katerina-paper.pdf. Karim, A, J., 2011, Business Disaster Preparedness: An Empirical Study for measuring the Factors of Business Continuity to face Business Disaster, International Journal of Business and Social Science, Vol. 2 No. 18. Maureen E, B and Daniel M, W., 2014, The Influence Of Customer Centric Strategic Approach For Competitive Advantage On Customer Satisfaction In Cfc Stanbic Bank Kenya Limited, International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, Vol. II, Issue 11. Pais, S and Symonds, J., 2011, Data Storage On A Rfid Tag For A Distributed System, International Journal of UbiComp (IJU), Vol.2, No.2. Paulsen, K., 2012, Moving Media Storage Technologies: Applications Workflows for Video and Media Server Platforms, Taylor Francis. Queensland Government, n.d. Business Continuity Planning, viewed 22 January 2017 from https://www.mackay.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/151434/Business_Continuity_Planning_Guide.pdf. Sen, W, Xiaonan, Z and Yannan, D., 2015, A Collaborative Filtering Recommender System Integrated with Interest Drift based on Forgetting Function, International Journal of u- and e- Service, Science and Technology, Vol.8, No.4, pp.247-264. Williams, C., 2007, Research Methods, Journal of Business Economic Research, Volume 5, Number 3.

Cult Conversion Freewill Or Brainwashing Essay Example For Students

Cult Conversion: Freewill Or Brainwashing? Essay The controversy surrounding new religious movements seems to be foremost concerned with whether or not the members of these religions come of their own freewill or if they convert as a necessary and inevitable response to advanced coercion, or brainwashing techniques employed by the cult leaders. The concept of brainwashing came into popular existence in the 1950s as the result of attempts to try and explain the behaviour of some American GIs who defected to the Communists during the Korean War (19 Oct 1999). Many people, including some professionals, found brainwashing to be an acceptable explanation for the otherwise unexplainable behaviour. However, the brainwashing theory did nothing to explain why hundreds of other captured GIs chose to remain true to their country even at the risk of being tortured. It could not accurately account for the behaviour of a select few GIs when it did not offer any explanation for the behaviour of the majority. Since the 1950s, the concept of brainw ashing has faded in and out of public consciousness with a tendency to flare up again in the face of public controversy. In the 1960s and 1970s the brainwashing debate again took center stage, this time in an attempt to explain the behaviour of so-called radicals who left behind a normal life and opted instead for a cult existence. Although scholars of new religious movements would agree that religious groups often have substantial influence over their followers, they would also argue that the influence exerted in cults is not very different from influence that is present in practically every arena of life, (19 Oct 1999). Mainstream religions also exercise influence over their members concerning matters such as lifestyle choices, familial relations and monetary donations. Furthermore, most social scientists concede that some degree of influence is inevitable in each culture and facet of life even outside the arena of religious choice. Despite the fact that there do not appear to be any studies that conclusively provide evidence of brainwashing as a legitimate explanation for joining an NRM, and in spite of the many studies that have refuted that brainwashing defense successfully, the brainwashing theory continues to be debated regularly. The concept of brainwashing is still often relied on to account for behaviour that is otherwise culturally unjustifiable. If brainwashing is not an appropriate explanation for the conversion of people to NRMs than what is? A common theme on the anti-cult side of the conversion debate is the argument that members are, to varying degrees, predisposed to becoming cult members. This supposed predisposition is commonly thought to be a product of depression, grief, loneliness and a life filled with successive failures. However, as recent studies have shown, this is not entirely true. Although many people who seek out NRMs are suffering with depression or have realized some setbacks the same could be said of some that seek out mainst ream religions for the same reasons, namely to feel better about themselves and to find purpose and meaning in life. Shelley Leibert, an instructor with the Unification Church, has discussed two main types of people that pass through the UC camps (Dawson, 1996:204). Leibert describes one type as being well rounded, successful and secure while the other is described as being drug users, dropouts and drifters. Leibert concludes that it is the latter that are most unlikely to dedicate themselves to the lifestyle of the UC. Proponents of the predetermination theory often argue that it is these depressed and lonely people who are susceptible, predetermined and often targeted victims of cult brainwashing. They make these assumptions often lacking any firsthand knowledge of cult recruiting practices. While it is true that at times some cult members appear to be more vulnerable to cult recruiting (Dawson, 1996:205), it remains that vulnerability and predisposed are two different concepts. F urthermore, many of those who are deemed to be vulnerable (recent divorcees, the grieving, etc.,) frequently regard their cult experience as a positive and therapeutic experience, even after leaving the cult environment (Dawson, 1996:205). Although, as Dr. John G. Clark suggests, these seemingly vulnerable people join NRMs in an attempt to feel better about themselves (Dawson, 1996:207), the same thing can be said of many .udcc601ed064f7b11c1ae48e3064bd5b3 , .udcc601ed064f7b11c1ae48e3064bd5b3 .postImageUrl , .udcc601ed064f7b11c1ae48e3064bd5b3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udcc601ed064f7b11c1ae48e3064bd5b3 , .udcc601ed064f7b11c1ae48e3064bd5b3:hover , .udcc601ed064f7b11c1ae48e3064bd5b3:visited , .udcc601ed064f7b11c1ae48e3064bd5b3:active { border:0!important; } .udcc601ed064f7b11c1ae48e3064bd5b3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udcc601ed064f7b11c1ae48e3064bd5b3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udcc601ed064f7b11c1ae48e3064bd5b3:active , .udcc601ed064f7b11c1ae48e3064bd5b3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udcc601ed064f7b11c1ae48e3064bd5b3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udcc601ed064f7b11c1ae48e3064bd5b3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udcc601ed064f7b11c1ae48e3064bd5b3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udcc601ed064f7b11c1ae48e3064bd5b3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udcc601ed064f7b11c1ae48e3064bd5b3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udcc601ed064f7b11c1ae48e3064bd5b3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udcc601ed064f7b11c1ae48e3064bd5b3 .udcc601ed064f7b11c1ae48e3064bd5b3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udcc601ed064f7b11c1ae48e3064bd5b3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The National Socialist German Workers' Party and nazism Essay

To Kill A Mockingbird Prejudice Essays - To Kill A Mockingbird

To Kill A Mockingbird: Prejudice Miss Harper Lee has chosen Scout as a first person narrator in this story. This narrative technique has many strengths and some weaknesses. Scout is a bright, sensitive and intelligent little girl. For all her intelligence, she is still a child and does not always fully understand the implications of the events she reports. This is sometimes amusing, as the time she thinks Miss Maudie's loud voice scares Miss Stephanie. Scout does her best to inform us of the happenings at the Tom Robinson trial. Yet, she is not certain what rape is, and is neither aware of the prejudice state surrounding her. Ultimately she represents the innocence within society. In To Kill A Mockingbird, Scout Finch, a little girl growing up in a small Southern town, tells the story of her childhood, when she witnessed the trial of a Negro falsely accused of raping a white woman. The Negro's lawyer is Scout's father, Atticus Finch. He defends the Negro vigorously, though he expects to lose the case. As well as being the story of childhood, it is also the story of the struggle for equality of the American Negro. To Kill A Mockingbird can be read as the story of a child's growth and maturation. Almost every incident in the novel contributes something to Scout's perception of the world. Through her experiences she grows more tolerant of others, learning how to " climb into another person's skin and walk around in it." On her first day of school she finds that there are both social and poor classes in society, some are respectable and others not. She also learns that her father is an extra-ordinary man, fighting for a Negro's rights in court. At the trial of Tom Robinson Scout learns about equality and inequality, about justice and injustice and finally about racial prejudice. Many times during the course of the novel the idea of the mockingbird comes to mind. We first hear of the bird when the children are given there first air rifles for Christmas, There father warns them to never shoot the songbird, saying to do so would be a sin. During the trial of Tom Robinson, it occurs to the reader that the Negro has many characteristics he shares with the mockingbird, He is a gentle man, who has never harmed anyone and only tried to help. His murder is as much a sin as the killing of any innocent creature. By the end of the novel we see that the hermit Boo Radley is also like the mockingbird. He is shy and gentle, living quietly and harming no one. Near the end of the novel, Boo saves the children from being killed. Scout realizes that bringing Boo into the limelight would only be like killing the songbird. Many themes and ideas are presented in this novel, the sympathy theme is one of the main ones. Throughout the novel, Atticus repeats to Scout an Jem the importance of seeing things from another point of view in order to understand what the other person is feeling. The theme of childhood is also another important one. The story takes place over a period of years, and the reader takes part in the adventure of the child growing up in a small Southern town. To Kill A Mockingbird is a fascinating story about a trial of a Negro man in a small Southern town. This novel is a must for every person to read because it not only displays the racial tensions in a small town and the effects it has on it's citizens, but it displays it through the eyes of a young innocent, six year old child.

Checking Immigration Case Status With USCIS

Checking Immigration Case Status With USCIS The  U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services  (USCIS) agency has upgraded its services to include checking case status online  and using a virtual assistant online to answer questions. Through a free, online portal, MyUSCIS, there are multiple features. Applicants can submit an online request, get automatic email or text message updates when a case status changes and practice the civics test. Being that theres  a multitude of immigration options from applying for U.S. citizenship  to green card residency status and temporary working visas to refugee status, to name a few, MyUSCIS is the one-stop  site for all applicants requesting U.S. immigration. The USCIS Website The USCIS website has directions for getting started on MyUSCIS, which allows an applicant to review their entire case history. All an applicant needs is the applicants receipt number. The receipt number has 13 characters and can be found on the application notices received from USCIS. The receipt number begins with three letters, such as EAC, WAC, LIN or SRC. Applicants should omit the dashes when entering the receipt number in the web page boxes. However, all other characters, including the asterisks, should be included if they are listed on the notice as part of the receipt number. If missing the application receipt number, contact the USCIS Customer Service center at 1-800-375-5283 or 1-800-767-1833 (TTY) or submit an online inquiry about the case.  Ã‚   Other features of the website include filing forms electronically, checking office case processing times, finding a doctor authorized for completing a medical exam for adjusting status and reviewing filing fees. A change of address can be recorded online, as well as finding local processing offices and making an appointment to visit an office and speak with a representative. Email and Text Message Updates USCIS allows applicants the option of receiving an email or text message notification that a case status update has occurred. The notification can be sent to any United States mobile phone number. Standard cell phone text messaging rates may apply to receive these updates. The service is available to USCIS customers and their representatives, including  immigration lawyers, charitable groups, corporations, other sponsors, and you can register for it online. Create an Account It is important for anyone who wants regular updates from USCIS to create an account with the agency to ensure access to case status information.   A helpful feature from USCIS is the online request access option. According to the agency, the online request  option is a web-based tool that allows an applicant to place an inquiry with USCIS for certain applications and petitions. An applicant may make an inquiry on selected forms that are beyond posted processing times or selected forms where the applicant did not receive an appointment notice or other notice. An applicant can also create an inquiry to correct a notice received with a typographical error.

Unilateral and bilateral contracts Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Unilateral and bilateral contracts - Article Example Unilateral and bilateral contracts The distinction between bilateral and unilateral contracts has been considered a fundamental principle of contract law and essential to the order of the contractual system. The focus of this analysis is to critically evaluate the theoretical legal dichotomy between unilateral and bilateral contracts and consider the practical similarities between the two. If we firstly consider unilateral contracts, the concept of a unilateral contract is illustrated by reference to a classic contract law case of Carlil v Carbolic Smoke Ball Limited4. In this case, the defendant was the proprietor of a medical substance and placed and advert in the Pall Mall Gazette promising to pay $100 to anyone who used the carbolic smoke ball for two weeks and who for a limited time after contracted the flu virus. Mrs Carlil took the substance and contracted the flu virus and sued for the $100. Mrs Carlil's claim succeeded and on appeal, Carbolic Smoke Ball Limited argued that the advert did not constitute an offer but was rather an invitation to treat. The Court of Appeal rejected this argument and held that there was a legally enforceable contract. The advertisement constituted an offer to the whole world and was capable of amounting to an offer of a unilateral contract without the requirement for acceptance. Moreover, this decision was the first case to highlight the requirement of intention to create legal relations. The Carlil decision had far reaching implications for contract law, with some commentators arguing that there is no difference between an â€Å"invitation to treat† and a contractual â€Å"offer†."invitation to treat" and a contractual "offer"5. The law of contract stipulates three fundamental requirements for the formation of a legally enforceable contract; namely; offer, acceptance and consideration (it is important to note that contracting parties must have legal capacity to enter into a contract). Lord Wilberforce presiding in the case of New Zealand Shipping Co Limited v A M Satterhwaite, The Eurymedon6 asserted the rule for contract formation thus: "English law having committed itself to a rather technical'' doctrine of contract, in application takes a practical approach''. Into the market slots of offer, acceptance and consideration7. An "offer" in the context of contract law has been described as "an expression of willingness to contract on certain terms, made with the intention that it shall become binding as soon as it is accepted by the person to whom it is addressed, the "offeree.8" The "expression9" may take different forms and the intention element is an objective consideration and the case of Smith v Hughes 10emphasised the relevant consideration as being a focus on how a reasonable person would view the situation. Furthermore, the law distinguishes between an offer and an invitation to treat, which is not an offer but an indication of willingness to negotiate a contract11. For example, in the case of Gibson v Manchester City Council12, the words "may be prepared to sell" constituted an invitation to treat and not a distinct offer. Moreover, an invitation to treat is an action inviting others to make an offer. Whereas an offer is itself binding, accepting an invitation to treat is making an offer13. This is particularly evident in the construction industry where tender

World war 1 poetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

World war 1 poetry - Essay Example Historical context is a compelling factor in a poem. Two poetic works may be dealing with the same issue or subject but these may differ when it comes to handling because these are based on different historical context. This is a fact that is very obvious when the poems of the early years and those of the later period of World War I are compared. During the early stage, the poems were still filled with idealism, particularly one that centers on the necessity of the war. The early World War I poems did recognize the reality of death but it also handled this subject in a very positive manner. A clear example of such poem is Charles Sorley’s All the Hills and Vales Along which has lines that say â€Å"sow your gladness for earth’s reaping / sow you may be glad, through sleeping / strew your gladness on earth’s bed / so be merry, so be dead† (257). However, the poems written during the later years of the war no longer glorify death and sufferings as noble sacr ifices in a necessary and just war. Instead, what are highlighted in the said poems are the physical and emotional pains suffered by the combatants as they continue fighting a war they gradually came to misunderstand. Death is no longer portrayed in heroic terms but rather as a matter of fact in war. An example of this is The Leveller, which is written by Robert Graves. Those who write about wars best are the very people who are engaged in it. In this regard, it is the men fighting in the front who can describe most accurately the normal human reaction to combat actions. Being soldiers themselves, the poets took a more introspective approach to the war they are fighting. Those who wrote poems at the early period of World War I, when death and destruction were not yet worse focused on glorifying the war itself. The poems were most calls to action and justifications of their respective country’s participation in the war. The message of lines like â€Å"In our heart of hearts b elieving / Victory crowns the just, / And that braggarts must / Surely bite the dust, / Press we to the field ungrieving, / In our heart of hearts believing / Victory crowns the just† from the poem Men Who March Away (Hardy) were common. Apparently, the lines dealt with the issue of death but if this is not glorified as a heroic inevitability, it is associated with the fate of the enemy. However, as the bloody fighting lasted for years and as both sides started to realize that the war only brought about pain and suffering, the poems too began to focus on death and destruction and treating these in ways less than noble. However, while it may be true that the focus of the poems display the differences in perspectives regarding the justness and nobleness of the war as it developed, most of these points out to the inevitability of death and destruction. The poems written in the early years also pointed out that death is inevitable but these also presented death as a necessity. Fro m the perspectives of the Allies, from which side the poets belong, dying in the fight is heroic which accounts for the encouraging lines â€Å"So sing with joyful breath, / For why, you are going to death† (Sorley). At the early stage of the war, when the soldiers were themselves bombarded with exhortations to fight valiantly and the public awash with propaganda on the justness of participating in it, the poems too reflected the general sentiment. These also painted the war positively, making it noble